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union It contains all the elements contained in both sets. (A ⋃ B) a={'red', 'green', 'blue'} b=set(['red', 'yellow', 'orange']) a_union_b=a.union(b) print(a_union_b) >>> {'blue', 'green', 'red', 'yellow', 'orange'} intersection It contains only the elements that are in both sets. a_intersec_b=a.intersection(b) print(a_intersec_b) >>> {'red'}

setIt returns unique items.my_set={1,2,3,1,2}print(my_set)>>>{1, 2, 3}your_set=set([1,2,3,2,1])your_set>>>{1, 2, 3}set('abracadabra')>>>{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'r'} countIt returns the number of elements with the specified value.fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry','banana', 'apple']fruits.count('apple')>>>2 index(x,n)Return zero-based index in the list of the first..

It converts all uppercase characters to lowercase and vice versa. def makeGood(s): stack=[] for i in s: if stack and stack[-1]!=i and stack[-1].lower()==i.lower(): stack.pop() else: stack.append(i) return ''.join(stack) s='leEeetcode' makeGood(s) >>> 'leetcode' ### IS SAME AS BELOW def makeGood(s): stack=[] for i in s: if stack and stack[-1]==i.swapcase(): stack.pop() else: stack.append(i) retur..

@ def decorator(func): return func @decorator def some_func(): pass Is equivalent to this code : def decorator(func): return func def some_func(): return pass some_func=decorator(some_func) Example : class Pizza(object): def __init__(self): self.toppings=[] def __call__(self, topping): self.toppings.append(topping()) def __repr__(self): return str(self.toppings) pizza=Pizza() @pizza def cheese()..

itertools.islice islice(iterable, start, stop, step) Iterate Slice, selectively prints the values mentioned in its iterable container passed as an argument. for i in islice(range(20),1,10,3): print(i) >>> 1 4 7 chain chain('ABC', 'DEF') --> A B C D E F from itertools import chain country=['korea','japan','usa'] capi=['seoul','tokyo','new'] c=chain(country,capi) next(c) >>> korea isinstance It re..