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TestError The error rate of the model on the test dataset. TestError=Var+Bias+e Variance It quantifies the sensitivity of the model to the training data. In other words, if we were to replace our training dataset with another one, how much would the training error rate change(how much the model's parameters would change)? A low variance means that our model is not sensitive to the training data ..

variance - σ2 is variance - X is the variable - μ is mean - N is the total number of variables. Standard deviation A square root of variance. For instance, Covariance It measures the directional relationship between the returns on two assets. A positive covariance means asset returns move together, while a negative covariance means they move inversely. COVARIANCE.P(x,y); 데이터가 모집단일 경우, n 으로 나눠줌 C..