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getattr It returns the value of the named attribute of an object. getattr(object, name) class Person: age = 23 name = "Adam" person = Person() getattr(person, 'age') >>> 23 When the named attribute is not found, default value is returned. getattr(object, name, default) class Person: age = 23 name = "Adam" person = Person() getattr(person, 'gender','unknown') >>> unknown The named attribute gende..

sort It sorts the list in-place, mutating its indexes and returning None. a1 = [6, 3, 9] print('a1:', a1) a2 = a1.sort() # it sorts original(in-place) print('-----after sorting-----') print('a1:', a1) print('a2:', a2) >>> a1: [6, 3, 9] -----after sorting----- a1: [3, 6, 9] a2: None sorted It returns a new sorted list, leaving the original list unchanged. b1 = [6, 3, 9] print('b1:', b1) b2 = sort..

abspath - It returns the absolute path of current working directory with file name. file_name = 'GFG.txt' print(os.path.abspath(file_name)) >>> /home/geeks/Desktop/gfg/GFG.txt chdir Change directory. file_name = 'GFG.txt' os.chdir("/home/geeks/") print(os.path.abspath(file_name)) >>> /home/geeks/GFG.txt #refer previous code basename - It returns only the file name except for the parent path. - S..

glob It finds all the pathnames matching a specified pattern. When you need the path or name of files with a specific pattern or extension, it returns a file name that meets the conditions presented by the user in the form of a list. - '*' : any string of arbitrary length dir : file1.txt, file2.txt, file101.txt, file102.txt, filea.txt, fileb.txt, file1.jpg, file2.jp dir/subdir : subfile1.txt, su..

The bytes and bytearray classes both feature arrays of bytes with values ranging from 0 to 255 for each byte. The main difference is that a bytes object is immutable, which means that once formed, its elements cannot be changed. A bytearray object, on the other hand, allows you to change its elements. bytearray It returns a bytearray object which is an array of the given bytes. - convert list to..